system. No inventory of raw materials or finished goods is held. Details of the budget and actual data for the previous period are given below:
Budget data
Standard production costs per unit (currency in U.S. dollar, $):
Direct material 8kg @$10.80 per kg 86.40
Direct labor 1.25 hours @$18.00 per hour 22.50
Variable overheads 1.25 hours @$6.00 per direct labor hour 7.50
Standard selling price: $180 per unit
Budgeted fixed production overheads: $170 000
Budgeted production and sales: 10 000 units
Actual data
Direct material: 74 000kg @$11.20 per kg
Direct labor: 10,800 hours @$19.00 per hour
Variable overheads: $70,000
Actual selling price: $184 per unit
Actual fixed production overheads: $168 000
Actual production and sales: 9000 units
Requirements
1. Prepare a statement using marginal costing principles that reconciles the budgeted profit and the actual profit. Your statement should show the variances in as much detail as possible.
2. Explain why the variances used to reconcile profit in a standard costing system are different from those used in a standard absorption costing system.
3. Calculate the variances that would be different and any additional variances that would be required if the reconciliation statement was prepared using standard absorption costing.
4. Explain the arguments for the use of traditional absorption costing rather than marginal costing for profit reporting and inventory valuation..
